Layer 2 — The ecosystem

The biomes

Eight living systems. Each one a self-contained answer to the same question: what does life do when conditions change?

Amazon Rainforest
South America
Amazon Rainforest

The lungs of the planet. Ten percent of all known life on Earth, packed into one drainage basin.

30,000,000 speciesEnter →
Arctic & Antarctic
Poles
Arctic & Antarctic

Where life evolved against the cold. Fat, fur, and patience as survival strategy.

5,500 speciesEnter →
African Savanna
Sub-Saharan Africa
African Savanna

The original arena. Where most of vertebrate evolution played its loudest hand.

40,000 speciesEnter →
Deep Ocean
Global pelagic
Deep Ocean

Earth's largest habitat. Pressure measured in tons. Almost everything down here glows.

2,200,000 speciesEnter →
Coral Reefs
Tropical seas
Coral Reefs

The cities of the ocean. 25% of marine species live here, on 0.1% of the seafloor.

1,000,000 speciesEnter →
Himalayas
High Asia
Himalayas

The world's roof. Where animals evolved to breathe air thinner than altitude sickness.

25,000 speciesEnter →
Ancient Earth
Deep time
Ancient Earth

The animals that came before. Bigger, stranger, mostly extinct, occasionally still here.

250,000 speciesEnter →
Human Sphere
Every biome
Human Sphere

The one animal that lives in all of them. Soft skin, no claws, conquered the planet.

1 speciesEnter →
Mangrove Forests
Tropical coasts
Mangrove Forests

Where the forest walks into the sea. Roots breathe air, fish climb trees, the tide rules everything.

4,200 speciesEnter →
Hot Deserts
Subtropical belts
Hot Deserts

Where water is currency. Every animal here is a water-budgeting machine.

8,500 speciesEnter →
Wetlands & Swamps
Worldwide lowlands
Wetlands & Swamps

Earth's kidneys. Half-water half-land, double the species density of either.

100,000 speciesEnter →
Tundra
Subarctic & alpine
Tundra

Frozen ground, ninety-day summers. Life on a deadline.

1,700 speciesEnter →
Cave & Subterranean
Beneath every continent
Cave & Subterranean

No sunlight, ever. Eyes go blind, pigment vanishes, life invents new senses.

50,000 speciesEnter →
Lakes & Rivers
Inland waters
Lakes & Rivers

Less than 1% of Earth's water — and 10% of all known species.

140,000 speciesEnter →
Urban Wilds
Inside every city
Urban Wilds

The new biome humans built. Coyotes ride subways, rats outvote citizens, raccoons run for office.

20,000 speciesEnter →
Temperate Forests
Mid-latitudes
Temperate Forests

Four seasons, deep memory. Trees here talk through fungal networks older than civilization.

100,000 speciesEnter →
Boreal Forest
Subarctic Eurasia & North America
Boreal Forest

The taiga. Largest land biome on Earth — endless spruce, snow, and silence.

9,000 speciesEnter →
Grasslands & Steppe
Continental interiors
Grasslands & Steppe

The flat empire. Built grazing mammals, shaped human civilization, fed half the world.

12,000 speciesEnter →
Alpine Meadows
Above tree line
Alpine Meadows

Above the trees, below the snow. Short summers, intense colour, animals that won't go lower.

6,500 speciesEnter →
Kelp Forests
Cold temperate coasts
Kelp Forests

Underwater forests that grow 60 cm a day. Sea otters, sharks, and the only ecosystem rivalling rainforests for productivity.

800 speciesEnter →
Mediterranean Scrub
Five winter-wet coasts worldwide
Mediterranean Scrub

Five Mediterranean climates, one playbook: drought-built shrubs, fire-loving plants, ridiculous biodiversity.

20,000 speciesEnter →
Hydrothermal Vents
Mid-ocean ridges
Hydrothermal Vents

Life without sun. Tube worms, white crabs, and 400 °C chimneys on the seafloor.

600 speciesEnter →
Island Endemics
Isolated archipelagos
Island Endemics

Where evolution gets weird in private. Giants, dwarves, flightless birds, and species that exist nowhere else.

25,000 speciesEnter →
Swamps & Bayous
Subtropical lowlands
Swamps & Bayous

Slow water, hanging moss, alligators in the cypress shadows. Older than the dinosaurs that drowned in them.

70,000 speciesEnter →